Beccaria Frankfurt

#### Lost in Beccaria, or: Building and Exploring a Corpus of 18th-Century Editions and Translations of Beccaria’s _Dei delitti e delle pene_ (1764) in the MetaLex project
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Christof Schöch (Trier), with Claudine Moulin (Trier), Falk Bretschneider (Paris), Rainer Maria Kiesow (Paris)
 
Slides: <a href="https://dh-trier.github.io/beccaria/#/">dh-trier.github.io/beccaria/</a>
<emph>Digital Methods and Resources in Legal History | March 5, 2021
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<img height="65" data-src="img/basics/uni-trier.png">           <img height="70" data-src="img/basics/tcdh-slim.png">

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- Welcome to this talk. It's nice to be here! 
- My name is CS
- I'll be talking about (read title)
- Collaborative work, with CM, FB, RMK and others
- Little caveat: I'm not a legal scholar, please keep this in mind
- I'll focus more on the DH side of the project

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## Overview

1. [Cesare Beccaria, _Dei delitti e delle pene_ (1764)](#/2)
1. [Metalex - Les mots du droit](#/3)
1. [Modeling the multilingual _Delitti_](#/4)
1. [Conclusion](#/5)

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- Three things I'd like to talk about
- A bit about the treatise "Dei delitti e delle pene", its editions and translations in the 18th century
- Then a short interlude about our project
- Then a bit more on what we're trying to do with this multilingual tradition of texts

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## (1) Cesare Beccaria, _Dei delitti e delle pene_ (1764)
 
<img height="250" data-src="img/Cesare_Beccaria.jpg">

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- Beccaria: 
  - enlightenment philosopher; active in the second half of the 18-C
  - key author for the foundation of modern criminal law; 
- We're particularly interested in the editions and translations of his main work
- Delitti is also of interest because it covers so many different topics
- What follows are just a few examples of these editions
- The title pages (and prefaces) give a lot of interesting information

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### _Dei delitti e delle pene_ (ita, 1764)
<img height="500" data-src="img/delitti_ita-1764.jpg">
 Italian edition, first published in 1764 (Livorno)

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- As we can see, the work was published anonymously
- One more edition in 1764
- And a revised edition already in 1765
- Alltogether, it looks like there were 9 italian Editions until 1800 alone.

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### _Des délits et des peines_ (fra, 1766)
<img height="500" data-src="img/delitti_fra-1766.jpg">
 French translation by Morrelet, 1766.

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- Several remarkable things here 
- First, the French translation is by Morrelet, important philosopher in his own right
- The translation is based on the third, revised, Italian edition (1765)
- It includes additions by Morrelet
- Not visible here: Many of these additions were included in subsequent italian editions (1774, and more)!

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### _Des délits et des peines_ (deu, 1766)
<img height="500" data-src="img/delitti_deu-1766c.jpg">
 German translation, 1766.

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- Again, some interesting things to note. 
- The German edition is translated from the French
- Again, with additional changes

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### Editions and translations (overview)
<a href="img/delitti-europe.svg"><img height="500" data-src="img/delitti-europe.jpg"></a>
 (Data: Floriane Chiffoleau, visualization: CS)

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- Here, the overview of all editions or translations in the four languages we focus on
- We have been able to identify 29 editions or translations in total, up to 1800. 
- Of note are those E/T that spark new lines of translations
- This investigation could of course be extended
  - into more languages: Swedish, Spanish, Polish, for example. 
  - into the 19th century. 
- But for the moment, we focus on the 18th century. 
- So, what do we do with this tradition in our project?

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## (2) Metalex - Les mots du droit

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### Project profile
* Franco-german research project (Trier and Paris) 
* Cooperation between 
 * EHESS Paris (Falk Bretschneider, Rainer Maria Kiesow)
 * TCDH Trier (Claudine Mouline, Christof Schöch) 
* Exploratory project supported by 
 * Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'homme
 * Villa Vigoni - Centro italo-tedesco per il dialogo europeo
* Focus on historical, multilingual, digital lexicography in the area of legal discourse 
* First pilot / use case for a broader study: _Dei delitti e delle pene_

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### Work so far
* Research and interdisciplinary exchange at the same time 
 * Several work meetings
 * Workshop for ECI in Paris 
* Investigation into the history of editions and translations (Chiffoleau, see above) 
* Digitisation: Identification, scanning, OCR of the editions and translations 
* Developed and tested a data model and research scenarios for this material

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- What have we done so far?

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## (3) Modeling the multilingual _Delitti_

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### Key issues 
* Development of European law-related vocabulary
* How are key legal concepts expressed in the editions and translations?
* How can we make the historical practice accessible?

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### The idea of the "meta-lexemes"
* {LAW}
  * [LAW]
    * Gesetz (Gesetz, Gesetze, Gesetzes...)
    * loi (loi, lois, loix)
    * law (law, laws)
    * legge (...)
  * [LEGISLATION]
    * legislatore (legislatione, legislative, ...)
    * Gesetzgeber (Gesetzgeber, Gesetzgebung, ...)
    * législateur (législation, ...)
    * legislator (...)
  * [LEGALITY]
    * legale (...)
    * gesetzlich (gesetzlich, rechtmäßig)
    * légal (légalité)
    * legal (legally)

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- This is where the idea of the "meta-lexemes" comes in
- We think of this as a bottom-up, inductive process
- What legal terms do we find, how can they be usefully clustered? 
- We go from the word forms (in brackets)
- Merge them to a language-based lemma
- Merge the lemmas to a cross-language lemma
- Merge several related cross-language lemmas into a "meta-lexeme"

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### Further examples of meta-lexemes
* CONTRACT
* CRIME
* INNOCENCE
* PASSION
* PUNISHMENT
* PREVENTION
* PROHIBITION
* PROTECTION
* SEDUCTION
* SEXUALITY
* VICE
* ...

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- These are just a few more examples
- The process of building and consolidating this list is ongoing
- But: there is no predefined ontology assumed, all bottom-up

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### Encoding
1. Metadata (language, year) 
1. Alignment of sentences across languages (challenges: insertions, reorganizations, free translation) 
1. Linguistic annotation with lemma and POS (challenges: orthographic variation) 
1. Identification and annotation of lexemes corresponding to "meta-lexemes" (semi-automatic) 
1. Everything is encoded in XML (compatible with TEI and TXM)

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- We follow these basic three steps
- Everything is encoded in XML-TEI for ingest e.g. in TXM

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### An example of an XML document
<img height="550" data-src="img/txm-xml.png">

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- This is a small sample from one such XML files, here French text
- Note that each sentence (or more precisely: segment) has an id
- This is to match up sentences across editions / translations
- Then, for each word form, we have: the wordform, the POS, the lemma, 
- And, if applicable, the "meta-lexeme" marked with "mlx"

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### Sample corpus in TXM: 4 languages, 8 documents
<img height="450" data-src="img/txm-dimensions.png">

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### TXM: Search for a lemma
<img height="450" data-src="img/txm-lemma.png">

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### TXM: Concordance for lemma
<img height="450" data-src="img/txm-concordance.png">

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### TXM: Concordance for meta-lexeme
<img height="450" data-src="img/txm-metalexeme.png">

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## Conclusion

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### Next steps
* Qualitatively 
 * Better conceptual basis for the inventory of lexemes
 * Integrate metalexemes and texts into the LOD paradigm
* Quantatively 
 * Automation, automation, automation (alignment, meta-lexemes)
 * Based on this: increase the scale (more, complete, texts)

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- I think it has become clear where we stand: 
- In the middle of a small-scale pilot project
- The next steps are therefore (slides)
- Concepts: "Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History"? Not very useful

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###

### Thank you! | Grazie! | Danke! | Merci!

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### References

* Audegean, Ph. & Delia, L. (2018) (eds.). Le Moment Beccaria: naissance du droit penal moderne (1764-1810). Liverpool:  Liverpool University Press.
* Bretschneider F., Kiesau, R. M., Moulin, C., Schöch, Ch. (2020). „Les mots de Beccaria. Métalexico-graphie des langues du droit à partir de Dei delitti e delle pene (1764) et ses traductions en Europe”. In: Revue Beccaria.
* Burnard, L. (2014). What Is the Text Encoding Initiative? : How to Add Intelligent Markup to Digital Resources. Marseille: OpenEdition Press. http://books.openedition.org/oep/426.
* Chiffoleau, F. (2019). Vers un alignement de traductions et d’édtions à partir d’un lexique et à travers un corpus multilingue. Travail sur Dei Delitti e delle Pene du marquis de Beccaria. Mémoire de Master, École Nationale des Chartes, Paris.
* Heiden, Serge (2010). “The TXM Platform: Building Open-Source Textual Analysis Software Compatible with the TEI Encoding Scheme.” In Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, 389–98. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00549764.
* Ketzan, Erik und Christof Schöch: "What Changed When Andy Weir's The Martian Got Edited?" _Digital Humanities Conference 2017_, Montréal: McGill University and Université de Montréal, 2017, https://dh2017.adho.org/abstracts/317/317.pdf.

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<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> | 2021 
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